Nation’s Path Hinges on Election

The election outcome will shape not only Bangladesh’s future but also impact the broader South Asian region, reinforcing the interconnectedness of politics, development, and human rights

In the heart of South Asia, Bangladesh stands as a testament to the complex interplay of politics, economics, and regional dynamics. The country’s electoral process is a crucial element in shaping its future trajectory and influencing the broader geopolitical landscape of the region. Bangladesh’s election is important not only for the nation but for the entire South Asian region.

You can also read: Voter Presence in Dhaka Metropolitan Area: An Observation

The nation is celebrating the election today. The 12th National Assembly election campaign concluded as of 8 am on Friday, January 5, 2024. The election campaign began with the allocation of the electoral symbols on December 18. The electorate now anticipates casting their votes, with polling scheduled for Sunday, January 7, 2024, in 299 parliamentary constituencies, excluding the postponed election for the Naogaon-2 seat due to the unfortunate demise of independent candidate Aminul Islam. Finally, a total of 1,970 candidates are running in the 12th national election, with 534 connected with 28 political parties and 436 running as independents. The EC has already taken numerous critical actions to ensure security and free, fair, and credible elections.

12th National Election At A Glance

• Election will be held -On January 7, 2024
• Parliamentary constituencies – 299
• Total candidates – 1,970
• Candidates affiliated with 28 political parties – 534
• Independent candidates – 436
• Political parties – 28
• Candidates affiliated with 28 political parties – 534
• Candidates from party and independent parties – 90
• Polling centers – 42,103
• Voting booths – 2,61,912
• The total number of voters – 1196 91,633
• Male voters – 6 7171,579
• Female voters – 58919,202
• Third gender voters – 852
• Presiding officers – 4,06,364
• Assistant presiding officers – 2,87,722
• Polling officials – 5,75,443

Historical Context

Understanding the significance of the Bangladesh elections requires a brief exploration of the nation’s history. Born out of a bloody struggle for independence in 1971, Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign state, separating from Pakistan. The scars of that liberation war are still etched in the collective memory of the nation. Since then, Bangladesh has experienced periods of political instability, military rule, and democratic transitions, shaping its political landscape.

Historical Context of Bangladesh’s Election

• The campaign concluded – at 8 am on Friday (5th January 2024)
• 1st national election – On 7th March 1973
• Parliamentary seats- 300
• Reserved women’s seats – 15
• The Awami League won in the 1st election – in 293 seats
• The 1st session of the 1st election Parliament began – On – 7th April 1073
• The 1st parliament started its journey with – 315 parliamentarians
• The total voters voted in this election – 54.9%
• This parliament lasted for -2 years and 6 months
• The last National election was held – On 30th December 2018
• The 12th national election will be held – On 7th January 2024

The first national parliamentary elections in Bangladesh were held on 7th March 1973. In the election, the Awami League won 293 out of 300 seats secured a majority, and formed the government. 54.9% of the total voters voted in this election. The first session of Parliament began on 7 April. The first parliament started its journey with a total of 315 parliamentarians, including 300 elected by direct vote of the people and 15 from reserved women’s seats.

Bangladesh’s commitment to democracy has been tested over the years and Bangladesh has passed in it. The periodic elections, despite challenges, have played a crucial role in establishing a democratic tradition. The upcoming election will serve as a gauge for the nation’s democratic health, reflecting its ability to navigate through the complexities of governance and uphold the principles of participatory politics. So far, 11 national elections have been held in Bangladesh. The last National election was held on 30 December 2018.

Relationship Between Long-Term Government, Democracy, and Development

The stability, democracy, and development of a country depend on the longevity of the government and its permanence. Stable governance fosters an environment conducive to economic and social progress, providing continuity for policy implementation. Democracy, with its emphasis on citizen participation and accountability, can contribute to sustainable development by ensuring inclusive decision-making and safeguarding individual rights. However, the nature of this relationship varies globally, as successful development models differ. Striking a balance between governmental stability and democratic principles is crucial for fostering conditions that promote long-term socio-economic advancement. A synergy between effective governance, democratic values, and sustained development remains pivotal for the prosperity of nations.

In this context, the Government of Bangladesh has undertaken significant development activities from 2009 to 2023, focusing on various sectors to enhance economic growth, social well-being, and infrastructure. One notable initiative is the Vision 2021, aimed at transforming Bangladesh into a middle-income country.

Economic development has been a key focus, with the government implementing policies to boost industrialization and export-oriented growth. The Ready-Made Garments (RMG) sector, a vital contributor to the economy, witnessed substantial growth during this period. Bangladesh emerged as the second-largest apparel exporter globally, showcasing the success of policies promoting the textile industry.

In the energy sector, Bangladesh has made substantial strides to address power shortages and promote sustainable energy sources. The government initiated projects such as the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant and invested in renewable energy, contributing to a more reliable and diversified energy mix. The expansion of the electricity infrastructure has increased access to power, positively impacting both urban and rural areas.

Infrastructure development has been a priority, with extensive investments in transportation. The Padma Bridge project, one of the largest infrastructure projects in the country, aims to connect the south and north regions, fostering economic development and improving connectivity. Additionally, the government has focused on enhancing digital infrastructure, promoting technology-driven solutions, and expanding internet access.

Social development has been a key aspect of the government’s agenda, with initiatives to improve healthcare, education, and poverty alleviation. The health sector witnessed advancements in infrastructure and services, contributing to better healthcare accessibility. Education policies aimed at increasing enrollment, improving quality, and enhancing technical education have positively impacted the country’s human capital.

However, the government’s commitment to sustainable development and inclusive growth provides a foundation for Bangladesh’s continued progress in the years to come. The data-driven approach and strategic initiatives undertaken from 2009 to 2023 signify the government’s dedication to creating a more prosperous and resilient nation.

Economic Implications

Bangladesh’s economic growth in recent years has been noteworthy, transforming it from an agrarian economy to one of the world’s fastest-growing textile and garment exporters. The outcome of the elections holds the key to sustaining this growth. A stable political environment is essential for attracting foreign investment, fostering economic development, and addressing the challenges of poverty and unemployment. Investors closely watch the political landscape for signals of policy continuity and stability, as political uncertainty can have adverse effects on economic progress.

Regional Stability

The geopolitical importance of Bangladesh cannot be overstated. Nestled between India and Myanmar, the country plays a vital role in ensuring regional stability. The relationship between Bangladesh and India, its largest neighbor, is particularly crucial. Shared interests in trade, security, and counterterrorism make the bilateral ties between these two nations pivotal for the overall stability of South Asia.

Additionally, the Rohingya refugee crisis has brought Bangladesh to the forefront of international attention. The way the government handles this humanitarian crisis and its diplomatic efforts to seek a resolution impact not only the nation itself but also contribute to regional stability.

Counterterrorism and Security

Bangladesh has faced its share of security challenges, including incidents of terrorism and extremism. The outcome of the elections will determine the government’s approach to counterterrorism measures and the extent to which it collaborates with regional and international partners in addressing these threats. A stable government with a strong commitment to security is essential not only for the safety of Bangladesh but also for the broader South Asian region.

Bangladesh has made significant strides in countering terrorism and enhancing security. Through comprehensive measures, the country successfully dismantled terrorist networks and fortified its borders. Operation Thunderbolt in 2016, which targeted extremists, exemplifies Bangladesh’s commitment to eradicating terrorism and safeguarding national security, fostering a safer environment for its citizens.

Climate Change and Environmental Policies

Bangladesh faces significant vulnerability to climate change, particularly from rising sea levels, making the upcoming elections a crucial opportunity to reaffirm its commitment to environmental sustainability. The government’s stance on climate issues can impact regional efforts to combat climate change and protect vulnerable populations.

Over the years, Bangladesh has demonstrated commendable dedication to climate-resilient sustainable development through regulatory and institutional enhancements. Key policies and structures include the 2009 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), the updated National Adaptation Program of Action in 2009, the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Act of 2010, and the 2021 update of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). The government has also introduced strategic plans like the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, a visionary 100-year plan focusing on sustainable development through adaptive delta management. This plan aims to ensure long-term water and food security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability.

In adaptation efforts, the government is actively working on the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), set to become the primary vehicle for addressing adaptation at the national level by June 2022. The Updated NDC of August 2021 emphasizes Bangladesh’s commitment to mitigating climate change and expanding emission reduction coverage from the energy sector to the entire national economy.

Bangladesh’s comprehensive approach extends beyond climate resilience to disaster management, internal displacement, and energy efficiency. Initiatives such as the Standing Orders on Disaster 2019, the Plan of Action to Implement the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, and the National Strategy on Internal Displacement Management 2021 showcase the nation’s focus on various aspects of environmental sustainability. The commitment is further evident in plans for disaster management, energy efficiency, and conservation, reflected in documents like the National Plan for Disaster Management 2021-2025, Bangladesh Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030, and the Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh (2008). The country’s dedication is also highlighted through the updated Bangladesh National Action Plan for Reducing Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) in 2018.

Social and Human Rights

Elections in Bangladesh are closely scrutinized for their impact on social and human rights issues. The country’s commitment to protecting minority rights, ensuring gender equality, and upholding freedom of expression are important indicators of its democratic values. The outcome of the election will determine the trajectory of the country’s social policy and human rights progress, setting a precedent for the region. A democratic welfare state can take various measures for public welfare. The current government of Bangladesh has also taken these steps.

The present government’s successes in social development activities are as follows;

Old Age Allowance (OAA):

• Provides financial assistance to citizens aged 65 and older.
• The goal is to improve the well-being and living standards of elderly individuals.

Allowances for Widows and Distressed Women:

• Targets widows and distressed women.
• Offers financial assistance to help cope with economic challenges.
• Aim to empower women and provide a safety net.

Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) Program:

• Targets poor and vulnerable women.
• Provides food and cash transfers to enhance nutrition and livelihoods.

Food Support Programs:

• Includes Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF) program for food assistance during crises.
• The Vulnerable Group Development Food (VGDF) program combines food support with skill development.

Employment Generation Program for the Poorest (EGPP):

• Aims to create employment opportunities for the ultra-poor.
• Supports income-generating activities to lift families out of poverty.

Maternal and Child Nutrition Program:

• Focuses on improving maternal and child health.
• Provides nutritional support and health services to pregnant and lactating women and young children.

Primary Education Stipend Program:

• While not exclusively a social safety net program, it promotes education.
• Reduces the financial burden on families, especially those in poverty.

Management and Implementation:

• Typically managed by the Ministry of Social Welfare and other government agencies.
• Collaboration with development partners and international organizations for implementation and funding.

Conclusion

As Bangladesh prepares for its next elections, the world watches with keen interest. Bangladesh’s upcoming 12th National Assembly election holds profound implications for the nation’s democratic legacy, economic trajectory, regional stability, security measures, environmental policies, and social development. As the country navigates its complex history and strives for a delicate balance between governance and democratic principles, the election outcome will shape not only Bangladesh’s future but also impact the broader South Asian region, reinforcing the interconnectedness of politics, development, and human rights.